El Cuartelejo the key to mystery of who was where
Staff Writer | The Pueblo Chieftain
Chieftain photo by Phil Carson
Is Trinchera Creek the `Canyon of Ulibarri,' modestly named in by Spanish explorer Juan de Uliberri as he crossed Raton Mesa? This view reveals that the canyon where Trinchera Creek originates is long, gently sloped and possesses good flatlands, just as Ulibarri described his namesake canyon in his journal.
Just as Spanish explorers sometimes searched beyond their frontiers for mythical Indian civilizations that seemed always to recede like a mirage, retracing Ulibarri's route rests on locating the elusive El Cuartelejo.
"The location of El Cuartelejo is probably one of the biggest mysteries of Colorado history, outside of the location of the Sand Creek massacre," says Liston Leyendecker, a historian at Colorado State University.
Some students believe that El Cuartelejo's location changed over time, but retired University of Denver anthropologist Arnie Withers says that while "Cuartelejo Apaches" lived at many locations along the Arkansas River, "El Cuartelejo" referred to a fixed site.
As El Cuartelejo is described in Juan de Ulibarri's jou
About: Juan de Ulibarrí
- Juan de Ulibarrí or Uribarrí () was a Spanish or Criollo soldier and explorer who lived in New Mexico. In he led an expedition to El Cuartelejo on the Great Plains of western Kansas and eastern Colorado. Ulibarrí's diary survives and is an important source for the history of Spanish exploration of the Great Plains and relationships with the Apache and Pueblo Indians. The purpose of Ulibarrí's expedition was to find and escort back to New Mexico about 60 people from Picuris Pueblo who had earlier fled Spanish rule in New Mexico and established communities on the Great Plains. The Cuartelejo Ruins in Kansas are a remnant of the Pueblos who lived on the plains. (en)
- Juan de Ulibarrí o Uribarrí ( – ) è stato un militare ed esploratore spagnolo o creolo che visse nel Nuovo Messico. Nel guidò una spedizione a sulle Grandi Pianure del Kansas occidentale e del Colorado orientale. Il diario di Ulibarrí sopravvisse ed è una fonte importante per la storia dell'esplorazione spagnola delle Grandi Pianure e delle relazioni con gli indiani Apache e Pueblo. Lo scopo della spedizione di Ulibarrí era di trovare e scortare nel Nu
Juan de Ulibarri's journey to a far quarter: Where was it?
Staff Writer | The Pueblo Chieftain
Graph: Two theoretical routes to El Cuartelejo
Third of a series
As the Spanish soldier Juan de Ulibarri descended the eastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo mountains east of Taos, N.M., on a July afternoon nearly three centuries ago, the vast buffalo plains appeared before him.
Ahead, he wrote in his journal, lay an "unknown land with its trails."
This paradoxical statement of "unknown land" and familiar "trails" reflected Ulibarri's knowledge of the region a decade after the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico (and 70 years before the American Revolution).
While Spaniards were familiar with the portion of Colorado and New Mexico east of the mountains by the mids, by Ulibarri's time much had been forgotten. The Spanish presence in New Mexico had been interrupted for a dozen years by the Pueblo Revolt of , when the Indians along the Rio Grande cast all Spaniards from their land.
In , New Mexico's Governor Francisco Cuerbo y Valdez ordered Ulibarri to travel to an Apache settlement the Spaniards called El Cuartelejo (the far quarter), where Picuris Indians had fled
Homestead on the Range
The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico found themselves in frequent conflict with the Spanish conquistadors. The conquerors imprisoned or killed the native religious leaders, compelled the people to accept the religion of Spain at the point of the sword, and put them to work in labor camps.
Repeated uprisings brought the Indians little except bloody reprisals. Some felt that it simply was not worthwhile to risk their lives battling Spaniards and laid down their arms. Others did not.
Sometime around , some Taos Pueblos decided on a bold move—they escaped New Mexico.
Contents
The Taos Years
The Pueblos journeyed northeast, traveling long and hard to avoid recapture. In fact, they went farther north than any of their tribe had ever journeyed before, north of the Arkansas River and right into present-day Kansas. Here they found sympathizers among the Plains Apaches. The Apaches allowed the Pueblos to settle among them and build new dwellings in peace, where they could resume their former lives away from the Spaniards.
The Pueblos promptly set to work building the adobe structure associated with their tribe, strengthened along the foundation with native s
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