William T. Middlebrook (–) was Comptroller and Vice President of the University of Minnesota from to Often credited as the chief architect of the institution’s rapid expansion, Middlebrook advocated for the university’s independence from the State Legislature in the s and later strategized the incorporation of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River to promote university growth.
Middlebrook, who established the University of Minnesota’s dormitory system, remained interested in the issue of housing throughout his career. During the Coffman administration, Middlebrook consistently worked to support the President’s commitment to segregate housing for both undergraduates and those enrolled in the School of Nursing. He was involved in expelling African American students from Pioneer Hall, Nurses&#; Hall, cooperative cottages, and creating the International House.
A Origem do Clipe de Papel
Contrariamente ao que se encontra por vezes referido, quem inventou o clipe de papel não foi o norueguês Johan Vaaler.
Realmente confirma-se que Vaaler criou uma espécie de clipe no ano de , que requereu a sua patente em 12 de Novembro desse ano e que a mesma lhe foi concedida em 6 de junho de
Mas o que Vaaler desconhecia era que já existia uma versão mais funcional e prática do clipe de papel que já era produzida e vendida pela empresa britânica Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd, embora esse produto não fosse ainda vendido na Noruega.
Além disso o design do clipe de papel de Vaaler era mais fraco pois não tinha as duas voltas completas do “arame”.
Mas então qual a origem do clipe de papel?
O clipe de papel moderno deve a sua origem a William D. Middlebrook cuja patente é datada de 9 de Novembro de
Middlebrook não só inventou o clipe, mas também a máquina para os fazer. Os desenhos da patente retratam distintamente o clipe de papel moderno.
Máquina de fazer clipes de Middlebrook
No mesmo ano da sua criação, a empresa Cushman e Denison comprou a patente de William Middlebrook e registaram o nome ‘GEM’ para o novo clipe de papel. Após analis
history of paperclip
The modern paper clip was patented on November 9, to William D. Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut. Middlebrook invented not just the paper clip but he also invented a machine to produce the paper clip. Cushman and Denison purchased the Middlebrook patent in That same year Cushman and Denison also trademarked the name "GEM" for their new paper clip.
Samuel Fay invents and patents a Ticket Fastener that also can be used to hold paper
William D. Middlebrook invents and patents paper clip and production machine
Middlebrook sells patent to Cushman & Denison
Cushman & Denison trademark the name GEM for their paper clip
Johan Vaaler patents paper clip
George McGill patents a paper clip that looks very similar to today's version
The Story:
Consider the humble paper clip: It&#;s just a thin piece of steel wire bent into a double-oval shape, but over the past century, no one has invented a better method of holding loose sheets of paper together.
The common paper clip is a wonder of simplicity and function, so it seems puzzling that it wasn&#;t invented earlier. For centuries, straight pins, string and other materials were used as
In early June , William and Alberta, with two-month-old Eleanor, arrived in Los Angeles for a visit with the Binford family. "Mr. McCloskey is an artist of some note and is now making his first visit to the Pacific Coast. Should he find a suitable opening, we understand he will take up his residence in our city."[17] By , the Binford family was living together at Temple, although within a year they permanently settled at Temple, where they were joined by William and Alberta. Most of Alberta's brothers were clerks or tellers in various banks, and by Alberta's father Henry entered the real estate field.
In , Los Angeles was anticipating "boom" times with the arrival of the Santa Fe railroad that would bring competition to the monopolizing Southern Pacific. The town's population was beginning to explode, and Los Angeles was just starting to develop a permanent artist community.[18] Although there were not yet any art clubs or art schools, there were fifty to one hundred "artists" ranging from many amateurs and china painters to a few professionals; the McCloskeys' abilities ranked them far above all the others. By November the couple had taken a studio in Childs' Grand Opera House
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